Understand the Individual Elements of the Extended Marketing Mix Assignment

Understand the Individual Elements of the Extended Marketing Mix - Assignment Example Philip Kotler and other academicians (In 1965, Philip Kotler described 4P’s as various marketing variables in his article) proselytized the concept in coming years (Schultz, and H Schultz, 2004, p.7). Proctor & Gamble Proctor & Gamble is a renowned American consumer goods company. The company is headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. The organization was established by William Procter and James Gamble in the year 1837. The company serves over eighty countries across the world. Sales volume has touched a record mark of $82,500 billion in the year 2011. The company has established category leadership in various segments like House Care, Skin Care and Oral care. More than 127,000 people work in the company. The consumer goods company markets more than two hundred and fifty brands across the world. The company enjoys leadership in almost twenty four brands in its category and able to fetch billion of dollars annually from each of the brands. The consumer goods organization has es tablished twenty eight technical centres across the globe (PG-Global, n.d.). Product Strategy Product strategy of P&G is influenced by one seventy year old vision statement established by James Gamble that is being honest in product making. The study will focus on product strategy in terms of cosmetics division for the company. They have noticeably changed time tested cosmetics business into a new height by implementing strategic and holistic approach of new product development. Before 1994, the company tried to maintain product systems complemented with Olay, Clarion and Cover Girl but failed due to their unfocused business effort. Real breakthrough was achieved during late 1990’s when the company launched Diamond initiative and developed new product... Understand the Individual Elements of the Extended Marketing Mix Sales volume has touched a record mark of $82,500 billion in the year 2011. The company has established category leadership in various segments like House Care, Skin Care and Oral care. More than 127,000 people work in the company. The consumer goods company markets more than two hundred and fifty brands across the world. The company enjoys leadership in almost twenty four brands in its category and able to fetch billion of dollars annually from each of the brands. The consumer goods organization has established twenty eight technical centres across the globe. Product Strategy Product strategy of P&G is influenced by one seventy year old vision statement established by James Gamble that is being honest in product making. The study will focus on product strategy in terms of cosmetics division for the company. They have noticeably changed time tested cosmetics business into a new height by implementing strategic and holistic approach of new product development. Before 1994, the company tried to maintain product systems complemented with Olay, Clarion and Cover Girl but failed due to their unfocused business effort. Real breakthrough was achieved during late 1990’s when the company launched Diamond initiative and developed new product Olay. Previously the product was meant for whole body usage but the new campaign targeted the product for facial usage. They streamlined distribution network and supply chain management according to market demand.

AUDITING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

AUDITING - Essay Example The paper will also indicate any recommendation on furthering the audit in case of an audit problem. Finally the paper will outline the actions following the further work done on the audit. Analysis of the Four Items Debtors During interim audit preparation, a list of who owes the company and the total amount they owe is drafted. According to the trial balance dated 31st March 2011, the amount expected from the debtors amounts to 950,000 pounds. During auditing, the expectation is that the schedule of debtors or the accounts receivables should always agree with the figures in the financial statements (Loughran 2010). Audit problems normally arise as a result of not taking into considerations the risks involved when dealing with accounts receivables. The accounts receivables that have been listed may be inaccurate. It is also possible that the receivables may not be existing or may not be collectible. The audit should consider the write offs of the bad debts. The sales transaction sho uld always be processed at the right period to avoid recording of sales due the next period. In this case for instance, Multi gym which is a private company, may be defaulting from paying 95,000 pounds, the reason being the machines they purchased from Wentworth Brewster limited could be used for reasons related to jamming (Montgomery 2009). This therefore, has to be indicated in the bad debts and deducted from the accounts receivables. There debtors have balances at the end of the year that range from 5000 to 20000 pounds. The specific amount of the balances is not specified. This could lead to assumptions that may trigger false figures in the income statements. The schedule for the accounts receivables hold be reviewed so to  match with those in the financial statement. Claim for Damages During audit preparation, a schedule should be done relating to the creditors of the firm or those individuals or business that have a claim. The totals in the formulated list should always be e qual with the figures in the financial statement. According to the trial balance dated 31st March 2011, the total amount of money claimed for damages is 25000 pounds. This amount should be included in the schedule as amount payable to the individual claiming. However, the draft has not included provision for claims from other customers (Loughran 2010). For instance, the three customers have placed claims against retailers for suffering injuries as a result of vague instructions. For there to be a correct indication of the reality on the grounds, the draft should make a provision for such claims then they will be directed to the company. Stock The trial balance indicated stock amounting to 1.6 million pounds. According to the laid down accounting principles, it is required stock for the previous period to be reported in that period. This therefore presents an audit problem. In order to determine stock for the period, the amount of stock currently being held is subtracted from sales o f that period. This resulting figure indicates the stock that has been sold. This is therefore added to the beginning inventory to determine the total stock available for dale. This is where the audit discovers that 0.5 million stock was included in the previously concluded period. Rent Rent when considered as an income should be recorded in the period, it is received and not reported. According to

The various methods of dealing Essay Example for Free

The various methods of dealing Essay Legally, a working Monopoly is defined as a firm which controls 25% of their market. This immediately raises problems, within the measurement of market share, and the definition of their market. Microsoft is a considerably well known monopoly (as a whole), but is this the case for all areas of business? This would be the initial problem: determining their market. Microsoft spans a vast spectrum of business, however, virtually breaking into distinct main markets Desktop and Server. It is clear that Microsoft dominate the Desktop market, far outselling any near threats, but is this the case for the server market? I have broken down the server market into two main areas the Operating System itself, and the web based server. Operating System Percentage Share Linux 31.3% Microsoft Family 24.3% Server Software Percentage Share Apache Foundation 56% IIS (Microsoft) 24% According to the definition, Microsoft is not technically a monopoly in both markets. However, as Microsoft can be accepted to live within a single market (computing), they would have a clear monopoly. Consequentially, problems of dominance begin to occur. It has been discovered that they have been abusing their market power by forcing small firms into signing contracts that require them to purchase their software, should they be using their hardware. There are numerous ways to reduce or reclaim the power of monopolies, some controversial, and some are economic theory, therefore unrealistic. I will be discussing these within my essay. Monopolies tend to play as the dominant firm within their market, and as a result, tend to me price makers rather than takers. However, they can only control the price, or output, but not both. Generally, monopolies can be bad for the market mechanism as they are neither productively nor allocatively efficient. Like most firms, they would choose to profit maximise (at the point MC=MR). As you can see from the diagram on the left, if they choose to output the profit maximising level Q1, they will receive the price displayed by the demand curve P1. Fortunately, there are several remedies for monopoly. The first that I am going to discuss is: regulation. An excellent remedy for pure monopolies (where a single firm dominates 100% of a market) is regulation. Regulation involves the government appointing an independent body to monitor the activities of the firms. Ofcom (merged, previously Oftel) are a working example of this. They are the regulating body for the communications industry, covering telecommunications. Previously, before deregulation occurred, there were two main dominant firms: Telewest/NTL (Now Virgin Media), and British Telecommunications. If there was no regulatory body in place, it would have been too easy for this duopoly (where two main firms dominate the market) to price fix (tactically through the use of informal signals to indicate their future and current pricing structures) and therefore take advantage of the consumers, at they would have little choice other than to remove their fixed line telephones completely. One of the methods that can be used is RPI-X (RPI minus X) regulation. The value of X is defined by the regulatory body, and limits the pricing that firms may change based on the RPI (retail price index) less the value of X. As a result, if RPI-X0 then the firms will be forced to reduce their prices by the resultant value. The kind of price barrier will motivate firms to lower costs (as they cannot increase their prices) in order to generate greater profit for themselves. This kind of regulation has been using against British Gas, which expired on the 31st March 2000. Expanding on my telecommunications example: NTL has had agreements put in place by Oftel of RPI-1, so they were permitted to raise prices by no more than the value of RPI, less 1%, per year. However, this particular agreement expired on 31st December 1996. However, actual regulation has (in my opinion) proven to be inefficient and adequate, and possibly deemed to be failing the industry. A typical example of this lack of regulation is demonstrated by the unstoppable, but inevitable, profits of British Gas. They announced profits of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½992 million for the first 6 months of this year, less than 24 hours after raising household prices by 35. This raises the question of whether or not these price rises are justified. They, along with the rest of the market, justify their actions on the elevation of wholesale gas and electricity prices (costs which they cannot absorb), but is this form of a tacit agreement (where firms informally signal price decision to other firms, to suggest they copy)? While it is proven that the barrel of oil did rise to approximately $150 per barrel, the firms were quick to act, raising their prices in quick succession of each other. However, now that the prices have fallen by half, have the firms taken the same quick action in reducing prices? I think not. This is an example of asymmetric information between the firms and the regulator, where the regulator is only dropping suggestions to the firms; they are not forcing any actions upon them. Despite preaches by Fuel Poverty organisations and EnergyWatch (the regulator), prices are still not falling at the rate that they should be. However, one of the most significant problems lie within determining the correct value of X for RPI-X price capping, as the regulator has few resources (as this example has demonstrated), therefore they cannot correctly evaluate costs. Setting a value too low may lead to under investment within the industry, causing undesired adverse effects. Having said this, the regulatory body has the power to split up a monopoly into multiple, smaller, firms if it deems this as necessary. This can be good for the market, as this will open up it to more competition, and possibly lower barriers to entry for other firms. This is the case of British Gas, where the regulator (Ofgas) had split it up into two major firms: Centrica and Transco. The idea was to open the market up to greater competition, as then British Gas (a trading name of Centrica) who sells the gas to business and domestic users would be separated from Transco who manage the actual gas pipelines. This would lower the barriers to entry (sunk costs) for new firms, as they would not have to produce the gas, nor have it routed to their customers homes. They can simply purchase it at a wholesale rate, and sell that on with a margin for profit. Other countries have adopted a different method for regulating monopolies, called Rate of return regulation. This is where companies are taxed a percentage of their profits, however this has similar problems. As there is no price ceiling introduced by this method, the monopolistic firm(s) may choose to simply increase their prices in order to cover the additional tax. This actually solves no problems, and leaves the consumer worse off, as they would be faced with paying higher prices. As the market is dominated by the few single firms, it may leave the consumer no choice but to purchase their goods from those single or sole suppliers at the higher cost. The competition commission also has a strong say on mergers, whether or not they are permitted to go ahead, if there is a threat to the market of a monopoly. An example of this was the Halifax Bank of Scotland and Lloyds TSB merger which resulted in a monopoly for the merged company of the mortgage market over 30% market share. However, these rules were brushed aside due to the nature of the merger, and the apparent confidence that the bank would collapse, and the government being unable to use more public money, therefore being unable to resort to nationalisation without public backlash. The reverse of regulation, de-regulation, can also help to remedy the problems of monopoly. De-regulation is when remove or simplify restrictions on a market in order to increase competition, or the threat within. While the thread of competition may keep push prices down (limit pricing where firms sell at just above their average costs, therefore diminishing the threat of new firms entering the market, forcing any new entrants not to take the chance as the barriers to entry and exit may be too high), it may not been enough in the long term. An example of this is the postal industry. In 2006, the market was fully deregulated, meaning that any new entrant had the ability to complete a range of functions, ranging from collecting and deliver door-to-door mail, to bulk mailing. While this does open the market up to some serious competition, the barriers to entry are still too high. The initial cost of dropping door-to-door mail to 99% of the country is very labour intensive, and explains why the state owned Royal Mail have a monopoly on this. Additionally, there needs to be a way for new firms to pick-up the mail locally from their clients. All this has to be profitably fairly quickly, as if they firm does not have enough finance behind them, they will quickly go bankrupt. However, there have been several new entrants to the marketplace for courier services, and this has become more apparent over the past few years. Such an example is www.Parcel2Go.com (who are a reseller of such companies such as DHL), but pickup large items from your home (as this cheaper service is domestic) and deliver it to another place of a domestic nature for a extraordinary low fee in comparison to the pricing that Royal Mail would change for the same service. Monopolies can also be dealt with by challenge of new firms. However, when a monopoly exists, this is sometimes less likely due to barriers to entry and exit. The new entrants have to assess these barriers, and judge whether or not it would be wise for them to compete; this then encompasses the theory of contestable markets. There are several factors involved, such as the reputation (pricing predictions) of the current (incumbent) firm. The existing monopoly may employ (legal) limit pricing to keep the threat of competition low, or apply predatory pricing. Illegal in the UK, predatory pricing involves setting the price below cost, with the intent to drive out their rivals, and then raise prices again. Another such formal form of collusion is cartels, however they are also forbidden by law. Fortunately, such anti-competitive practices are removable, however unfortunately, as I have discussed above: tacit collusion is the most likely and the hardest to prove and stop. Furthermore, there is resale price maintenance where the manufacturer will fix the price that the retailer must sell their goods at (they will generally apply this), and if they did not they would refuse to supply, which is again, illegal. Additionally, the incumbent firm can compete with non-pricing strategies, such as brand loyalty schemes or certain kinds of special offers so that their customers naturally do not buy from their competitors. There are also considerable sunk costs that are involved, and the more irrevocable they are, the less tempting for the new entrant. Depreciation is common, and when technology is fast-moving, a production system thats 6 months old can lose considerable value, quickly. An almost totally irrevocable cost is advertising such as branding and gaining that brand awareness and loyalty. While its average cost can be kept low by spreading the budget over large volumes of output, however the only realistic way this cost can be recovered, is if the firm was to sell their entire brand to the monopolist. Unfortunately, the incumbent firm can easy rival any advertising that the new entrant makes, making their efforts redundant. There may also be legal barriers, but these are more uncommon than not. Such barriers will include Patents, where the incumbent firm is rewarded for the research and inventions that they have created, so have a legal barrier to prevent any other firms from coping their idea, design or otherwise. Such patents stand for around 2 decades, so this can be a considerable amount of time for the incumbent firm to gain a monopoly on their product (regardless of the fact they will be the sole supplier). Natural monopolies act at as a barrier to entry for new firms, and within industries such as Water (Thames Water have a monopoly on this), it would be too costly and inefficient to lay down two pipes to consumers homes. However, should the market be deregulated for example, if Thames Water sell the water a wholesale price (such as British Gas does with Gas) then additional firms can afford to enter the market with lower barriers to entry. Finally, there is information asymmetry, where the existing firm has the experience and the knowledge about the industry that allows them to be more productive and drive down their costs. If the information is not known to the new entrants, this can be a sunk cost for them, acting as yet another deterrent for entering the market. However, having discussed the problems that monopolies may bring, the reverse can be true. Monopolies can be beneficial to a market because they achieve greater economies of scale, and tend to have a lower market price than smaller firms as they are more able to pass on cost reduction. A typical example of this would be the comparison of a monopolistic firm such as Tesco against Jays News. A typical product, one pint of milk will cost around 49 pence in a small firms shop, or 26 pence in Tesco. At a 53% saving, it seems clear that monopolies can benefit the greater economy. Sources: NTL Price Capping: http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/oftel/ind_info/broadcasting/ntlprice/section2.htm

Seventh Day Adventist Experience Religion Essay

Seventh Day Adventist Experience Religion Essay From the very beginning of time many people have asked the same questions: Who am I. Why do I exist. Is there someone or something above us that created it all? Humankind has wondered about God or a supernatural higher authority thru ought history. And since that time cultures and countries have developed their own beliefs and opinions on what is religion and God. From ancient sacred indigenous religions to present day contemporary practices, many religions contain similar basic traditions and beliefs, but yet there are so many sects of the religion and many different followings. From polytheistic beliefs to monotheistic views people have chosen their path based to what best suites their personal self. When focusing on a certain popular worldwide religion such as Christianity you may get lost in all the many diverse teachings and sects. In all these so called Christian denominations you can find teaching from the scripture The Holy Bible being translated in many different perspective views. From theology to soteriology to theodicy and bibliology each denominations chooses its own teachings. There are multiple examples to list , one being many Christian sects that believe in God, Holy Spirit, Jesus Christ, but look at all of those parts of spirituality differently. They range from the very conservative to so called liberal denominations. Even though all Christians read and follow the teachings from the same sacred text The Holy Bible it all comes down to how their bibliology is translated. The theology of the Seventh-day Adventist is similar to Protestant Christian teachings like the infallibility of Scripture. Typical teachings include the unconscious state of the dead and the doctrine of an explanatory judgment. The church is also known for its stress on diet and health, its encouragement of religious liberty, and its conservative principles and lifestyle. (Wilson 4) Seventh Day Adventists were founded by a group of leaders William Miller, S. S. Snow, Joseph Bates, James White, Mrs. Ellen G. White. Ellen G. White has written some books that the Seventh Day Adventists follow up on. Adventists recognize her as the Lords messenger. Her writings are a continuing source of truth which provide for the church comfort, guidance, instruction, and correction which are listed in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs. Some of the 28 fundamental beliefs are the following; belief in Trinity, Life death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, Experience of salvation, Unity in the body of Christ, Baptism in full water submersion, lords supper, Spiritual Gifts and ministries, And most important keeping the Sabbath. ( Wilson 1) The sacred scripture that the Seventh Day Adventists use is Holy Bible. They focus on the Old Testament mainly for their doctrinal laws, and use New Testament to follow up those scriptures. Unlike many other Christian denominations the Seventh Day Adventists are very strict on what they believe in. When it comes to salvation the Seventh day Adventist believe that one has to believe by faith that Jesus Christ Is lord and savior and that he paid the penalty on the cross from remission of all sins. That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved. For with the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation. (Romans 10:9-10) There are two strong doctrines that the Seventh Day Adventist stress on wich is the returning of the messiah, and keeping the Sabbath holy. Throughout the history of their religion there have been many attempts of individual leaders who proclaimed the day of the revival of the lord. Trial after trial they have failed, but still to this day have hope in the day of their return of the savoir Jesus. When it comes to keeping the Sabbath, they believe that Saturday is a holy day and no labor is to be done from Fri night to Saturday. Due to the Old Testament scriptures when God said he rested on the 7th day after creation. Like most Christian denominations the Seventh Day Adventists believe in final judgment day, where every human being will be judged on how they lived their life on this earth. Then the outcome of their judgment will decide where they will prolong their eternal life in hell or in heaven. My journey starts at the Slavic Seventh Day Adventists in Fort Myers. The church service was on Friday evening and it was located in Ft. Myers Florida where my co workers friend lives and attends service regularly. As I soon found out there are many different rules that apply to dress codes as well as codes of behavior, and even though in a sense this particular division or sect of Christianity has the same basic principles as the church I grew up in there are many marked differences. The first rule that I was introduced to was, that after sunset on Friday night through sunset of Saturday night, no work is to be done, nothing is cooked or cleaned and there is only limited driving is allowed. The Seventh Day Adventist observe the Sabbath and treat it with respect as the day God rested and this is a time for worship and prayer as a family as well as the attending of church services on Friday night and Saturday morning. The family that opened their home for me took me to a Friday night prayer and worship service at their local church, and in fact it was near the home so the family and I walked to service. The females in the family were required to wear long skirts as this is the proper attire for the women of this religion, many of the women do not ever wear pants and shorts for recreational purposes. Now this I thought was really weird and out of date. The no pants rule was actually a little odd for me seeing as I never knew that there was a part of the Bible that disagreed with women wearing pants, but the father of the family pointed out to me that in the bible there is in fact a statement about women wearing mens clothing A woman must not wear mens clothing, nor a man wear womens clothing, for the LORD your God detests anyone who does this. (KJV, Deuteronomy 22:5). ). I always thought the Deuteronomy verse was actually talking about women taking on the roles of men and vice versa, however the Ad ventists believe that this is a clear cut rule about dress code. This is just one of the many strict rules they follow. The other requirement that I had a hard time understanding was when the females had to wear head covering, since most women who are married or have children are asked to wear a head covering as a sign of respect to God or their spouse. Thank God we men dont have to wear covering on the head, it looked very uncomfortable. Although I personally believe that the wifes submission to a husband is a necessary but no to a part of religion on closeness with God, but although its odd and uncomfortable for me to see this, it seemed disrespectful to disregard their sense of tradition and faith, because they believe it is sinful for a women to have her head uncovered. Once we entered the sanctuary it was obvious that there were a couple differences there as well. To my surprise the men and the women were sitting on separate sides of the church, even though most of them were married couples. So I was expected to sit on the male side of the church. This again was a little off-putting to me since I was not brought up to see a spiritual difference in the sex of an individual, and I was always taught that we are all created equal in the eyes of the Lord. I was unsure of why exactly the men and the women were separated. But then one individual told me that this was to keep the sanctity of the church and to not tempt people. I still do not understand what the temptation is, but perhaps it is to keep people focused on the message and not on who is sitting next to them. The service itself was very peaceful and mellow. It was a little more serious than what I expected it to be. When it came time for the congregation to sing, I was expecting some loud jamming praise of what I am used to. But to my surprise the congregation stood up and started to sing old, traditional hymns. Now I have not heard such songs in my life before, their lyrics were true and really inspiring. They brought peace to my soul and had tremendous meaning. To my surprise I actually enjoyed their melodious sonnets. Now when it came to the final sermon I was preparing myself for an uplifting prosperity sermon. But once again as the preacher walked up to the pulpit and his face seemed to have humble serious look. His facial emotion made me feel very awkward and curious on what he was about to say. And then he began to preach. Wow was I in for a surprise! His topic was on the lackness of spiritual foundation is our lives. And then he went on convicting individuals on their sins. I felt as if he was preaching Fire and Brimstone like a dooms day type of sermons as if the whole congregation was going to hell. Now as I was intensely listening to the sermon, I started to realize that hes been preaching for almost an hour. This I am not used to at all, most sermons Ive listened to were at most 20 minutes long. After all it was a crazy new experience for me. This made me question a lot of other sermons that are being preached in allot of contemporary liberal churches today. The worship and sermon was then followed by a couple long prayers. Now when prayer comes to my mind, I picture standing up or sitting down praying easy short straight to the point prayers. Well not in this case. Many of the elders and pastors each had a minute to offer their own prayer out loud. I kneeling their on my knees praying to God to have them finish faster because my knees where going numb. The prayers were interesting in the sense that people were weeping out loud, something I am not used to since the worship and prayer services I have been exposed to, were always happy and excited. During prayer every member of the congregation was expected to be kneeled on their knees, which remarkable was very interesting to me, to see the united front they presented in prayer, there were young and old from babies to grandmas, kneeling in prayer together. Now this set a whole new idea of prayer in my mind. The prayer went on for probably fifteen minutes, which felt like a whole day. Now to end the service the whole congregation chanted the Lords Prayer. Our father in heavenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ ect. This I found interesting due to the fact that I never had the experience of praying the prayer in a church with all the members out loud. After service there was a little bit of conversation amongst the people of the congregation, and many of them were very happy to provide me with additional information, and answer my questions in regards to their religion. One of the biggest questions I had was why they choose to follow the old testament more than the newer testament as many of the other churches do. Which one of the elder brothers replied If God wanted only the New Testament to be observed he would have found a way to eliminate the Old Testament first, but as it is there are both there for you cannot understand the power of one without the other. The Old Testament was given by God himself to the people and it was expected to be observed and respected, and that without this beginning there would be no New Testament to follow.(Brother Vasily). This was very interesting to me since in all honesty I was not one to pay much attention to that part of the Bible, but in a sense it was understandable where he was coming from. The Old Testament gives people one clear cut way of doing things, whether staying away from unclean foods, to following certain dress codes, it is a spelled out way to follow God. It is definitely different from what I wa s taught, but it was interesting to see this belief system span generations with little regard to what other people may think or say. It was amazing to be able to ask individuals that follow these set of beliefs. My questions pertaining to the world around them even simple things such as diet. They believe in Kosher to follow the decryption of clean versus unclean animals. Even the topic of family and children was interesting to discuss since in this day and age most churches do not control or even necessarily disregard smaller families or family planning. But in the religious view points of the Adventists there should be no control from the peoples end and that each child is a blessing that should be welcomed and accepted as a gift from God. In other words they dont believe in use of protection in sex. Some individuals go as far as saying that through the birth of children the women is saved or blessed from her past transgressions, this statement kind of made me wonder about the true belief in the forgiveness and life through Christ. The other topic of religious difference that I was interested in is communion and baptism, since in the church I grew up in these were traditional parts that involved all people considered born again. This of course was different as well since the church community I was part of strongly believes that children under the age of eighteen should not participate in the water baptism and communion since they are not truly adults and are in a sense still under the covering of their parents. This religious experience was incredibly different from what I grew up with and what I am accustomed to. The church I grew up in was considered Non-Denominational, where I was also taught about the Holy Trinity and about being saved through Jesus. However the church I was brought up in centered its teaching on the New Testament, so the Sabbath was not a much more important day than any other. Instead Sunday was the holy day. The other large difference was that there were no rules as far as worship was concerned; there was no solemn prayer or a serious undertone which is what I experienced in the Friday service at the Adventist church. Worship in the church was exposed to be a happy occasion with clapping, dancing, laughter and banner waving, these were all considered to be typed of worship and a way to appreciate and come closer to God. From the Adventist point of view however, this show is not only unnecessary but inappropriate in the House Of God, it was considered disrespectful if someone were to laugh out loud or shout, and instead quiet and poised respect was encouraged, almost like a respect for the higher authority. The other big difference for me was that in the church I grew up in it was considered an individuals choice to become baptized or participate in communion as soon as they were able to distinguish being born again and what sin is. This experience was a good one for me to step out of my comfort zone and realize that although the church and religion my coo workers friend followed is considered in a sense a type of Christianity it was as though I stepped into a different world. There is a lot of tradition and strict sense of family, God and respect, in the Adventist church, and perhaps this was an atypical experience since it was at a Slavic division. But it was interesting to see how people who in a sense believe in the same God as the Baptists, Lutherans, Methodist, Pentecostals and many other Protestants believe in, have a completely different interpretation of what this God so expecting ad even desiring from him followers. And although this is not the religion I was able to make a personal connection with, the people of the church I visited were very gracious and even enthusiastic to show me their ways and views of God and religion. They were very welcoming to discussion as well as questions that I had toward s them. It was amazing to see that within one large group of religion such as Christianity, there are so many subgroups with differences that go from mild to drastic.

Social Criticism in Literature :: A Tale of Two Cities Animal Farm Essays

Social Criticism in Literature Many authors receive their inspiration for writing their literature from outside sources. The idea for a story could come from family, personal experiences, history, or even their own creativity. For authors that choose to write a book based on historical events, the inspiration might come from their particular viewpoint on the event that they want to dramatize. George Orwell and Charles Dickens wrote Animal Farm and A Tale of Two Cities, respectively, to express their disillusionment with society and human nature. Animal Farm, written in 1944, is a book that tells the animal fable of a farm in which the farm animals revolt against their human masters. It is an example of social criticism in literature in which Orwell satirized the events in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution. He anthropomorphises the animals, and alludes each one to a counterpart in Russian history. A Tale of Two Cities also typifies this kind of literature. Besides the central theme of love, is another prevalent theme, that of a revolution gone bad. He shows us that, unfortunately, human nature causes us to be vengeful and, for some of us, overly ambitious. Both these books are similar in that both describe how, even with the best of intentions, our ambitions get the best of us. Both authors also demonstrate that violence and the Machiavellian attitude of "the ends justifying the means" are deplorable. George Orwell wrote Animal Farm, ". . . to discredit the Soviet system by showing its inhumanity and its back-sliding from ideals [he] valued . . ."(Gardner, 106) Orwell noted that " there exists in England almost no literature of disillusionment with the Soviet Union .' Instead, that country is viewed either with ignorant disapproval' or with uncritical admiration.'"(Gardner, 96) The basic synopsis is this: Old Major, an old boar in Manor Farm, tells the other animals of his dream of "animalism": " . . . Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we would become rich and free.'" (Orwell, 10) The other animals take this utopian idea to heart, and one day actually do revolt and drive the humans out. Two pigs emerge as leaders: Napoleon and Snowball. They constantly argued, but one day, due to a difference over plans to build a windmill, Napoleon exiled Snowball. Almost immediately, Napoleon established a totalitarian government. Soon, the pigs began to get special favours, until finally, they were indistinguishable from humans to the other animals. Immediately the reader can begin to draw parallels between the book's characters and the government in 1917-44 Russia. For example, Old Major, who invented Social Criticism in Literature :: A Tale of Two Cities Animal Farm Essays Social Criticism in Literature Many authors receive their inspiration for writing their literature from outside sources. The idea for a story could come from family, personal experiences, history, or even their own creativity. For authors that choose to write a book based on historical events, the inspiration might come from their particular viewpoint on the event that they want to dramatize. George Orwell and Charles Dickens wrote Animal Farm and A Tale of Two Cities, respectively, to express their disillusionment with society and human nature. Animal Farm, written in 1944, is a book that tells the animal fable of a farm in which the farm animals revolt against their human masters. It is an example of social criticism in literature in which Orwell satirized the events in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution. He anthropomorphises the animals, and alludes each one to a counterpart in Russian history. A Tale of Two Cities also typifies this kind of literature. Besides the central theme of love, is another prevalent theme, that of a revolution gone bad. He shows us that, unfortunately, human nature causes us to be vengeful and, for some of us, overly ambitious. Both these books are similar in that both describe how, even with the best of intentions, our ambitions get the best of us. Both authors also demonstrate that violence and the Machiavellian attitude of "the ends justifying the means" are deplorable. George Orwell wrote Animal Farm, ". . . to discredit the Soviet system by showing its inhumanity and its back-sliding from ideals [he] valued . . ."(Gardner, 106) Orwell noted that " there exists in England almost no literature of disillusionment with the Soviet Union .' Instead, that country is viewed either with ignorant disapproval' or with uncritical admiration.'"(Gardner, 96) The basic synopsis is this: Old Major, an old boar in Manor Farm, tells the other animals of his dream of "animalism": " . . . Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we would become rich and free.'" (Orwell, 10) The other animals take this utopian idea to heart, and one day actually do revolt and drive the humans out. Two pigs emerge as leaders: Napoleon and Snowball. They constantly argued, but one day, due to a difference over plans to build a windmill, Napoleon exiled Snowball. Almost immediately, Napoleon established a totalitarian government. Soon, the pigs began to get special favours, until finally, they were indistinguishable from humans to the other animals. Immediately the reader can begin to draw parallels between the book's characters and the government in 1917-44 Russia. For example, Old Major, who invented

egypt :: essays research papers

There are many things similar and different between ancient China, Egypt and the Sumerians were lead by the high priests. One important thing is how the three kingdoms were ruled. With Egypt they had Pharaohs, which were appointed by their gods. In Sumeria they had. With Chinese leaders were mostly conquers which lead for a while and passed down through their families. Also each one of the civilizations had made their first writing systems but the writing was different with Chinese but somewhat the same with Egypt and Sumeria. In the Old kingdom Egypt and Sumeria the words were mostly symbols or pictures. With Chinese there are plenty of lines in different directions, which mostly are like symbols, which is almost like the new kingdom Egypt. With China outside wars were not a worry due to the fact of the mountains and the sea and the Great Wall of China. But with Egypt and Sumeria there were plenty of rivers to get to each city which were a good source for conquers to try and get the land. Also with Egypt and Sumeria there were rivers, which gave them good soil, and a good resource for water and transportation for trades. In China they didn’t really have a chance to trade with other countries but it was big enough to trade with themselves and to fight themselves for other Lords to get more land then what they already had. All three civilizations had temples to hold their gods, priests or Pharaohs. These were for the afterlife for their leaders to live good in the afterlife. They all put precious things in there with their leaders. This was for them to live well in the afterlife.

The Relevancy that Zionism Possess in the Arab-Israeli Conflict

Executive SummaryThÐ µ conflict bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ IsraÐ µlis and thÐ µ PalÐ µstinians was a consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µ of onÐ µ of thÐ µ most glorious and crÐ µativÐ µ movÐ µmÐ µnts of thÐ µ last cÐ µntury: modÐ µrn Zionism. A hundrÐ µd yÐ µars ago, somÐ µ of thÐ µ most vital Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts in thÐ µ JÐ µwish community all ovÐ µr thÐ µ world attÐ µmptÐ µd to join thÐ µ modÐ µrn world by rÐ µjÐ µcting thÐ µ passivity of thÐ µir anciÐ µnt mÐ µssianic rÐ µligion.ThÐ µ Zionists thought that JÐ µws would achiÐ µvÐ µ a kind of rÐ µdÐ µmption by cÐ µasing to bÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt from and pÐ µrsÐ µcutÐ µd by thÐ µ nations of thÐ µ world. SomÐ µhow, thÐ µy thought, thÐ µ inÐ µvitablÐ µ discomforts and conflicts with thÐ µ Arabs would bÐ µ rÐ µsolvÐ µd. ThÐ µ JÐ µws would find pÐ µacÐ µ and accÐ µptancÐ µ in thÐ µ land whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µir ancÐ µstors had oncÐ µ fashionÐ µd thÐ µir rÐ µligion and culturÐ µ. But it was not to bÐ µ. InstÐ µad, from its vÐ µry bÐ µginning to this vÐ µry day, Zionism has confrontÐ µd a cÐ µntury of war.This papÐ µr discuss thÐ µ issuÐ µ of JÐ µws on thÐ µ land of PalÐ µstinÐ µ is vÐ µry complÐ µx. ThÐ µ nationalists bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µ that thÐ µ JÐ µwish pÐ µoplÐ µ will bÐ µ Ð µndangÐ µrÐ µd unlÐ µss thÐ µir basÐ µ is rÐ µ-Ð µstablishÐ µd in thÐ µir anciÐ µnt homÐ µland. Thus nÐ µithÐ µr group can Ð µvÐ µr grant thÐ µ ultimatÐ µ PalÐ µstinian dÐ µmand that thÐ µ JÐ µws cÐ µasÐ µ thÐ µir aggrÐ µssion and go Ð µlsÐ µwhÐ µrÐ µ. ModÐ µrn Zionism bÐ µgan with thÐ µ vision of a â€Å"normalizÐ µd† JÐ µwish pÐ µoplÐ µ, a nation among nations that would bÐ µ part of thÐ µ world as of right. ThÐ µ most important JÐ µwish dÐ µmand is thÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ that at thÐ µ Ð µnd of thÐ µ pÐ µacÐ µ procÐ µss, thÐ µ Arabs agrÐ µÃ µ that thÐ µ JÐ µws' Ð µxistÐ µncÐ µ in thÐ µ rÐ µgion is pÐ µrmanÐ µnt and ca n nÐ µvÐ µr again bÐ µ quÐ µstionÐ µd.ThÐ µ RÐ µlÐ µvancy that Zionism PossÐ µss in thÐ µ Arab-IsraÐ µli ConflictThÐ µ conflict bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn Zionism and thÐ µ Arab statÐ µs has bÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ focus of intÐ µrnational attÐ µntion sincÐ µ thÐ µ Ð µnd of World War I. It was a subjÐ µct of major concÐ µrn to thÐ µ old LÐ µaguÐ µ of Nations; aftÐ µr World War II, it was onÐ µ of thÐ µ first disputÐ µs in which thÐ µ UnitÐ µd Nations (U.N.) was involvÐ µd. For many yÐ µars, it was a factor in thÐ µ Cold War bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ SoviÐ µt Union and thÐ µ WÐ µst. (Smith, 1992) MorÐ µ than half a dozÐ µn spÐ µcial U.N. organizations havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn crÐ µatÐ µd to dÐ µal with thÐ µ situation. (RÐ µich, Ð µt al., 1996)ThÐ µ conflict has cÐ µntÐ µrÐ µd on thÐ µ strugglÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn Zionism, or JÐ µwish nationalism, and Arab nationalism for control of PalÐ µstinÐ µ. (Yonah, 1973) It has involvÐ µd not only thÐ µ JÐ µwish and Arab inhabitants of PalÐ µstinÐ µ but also thÐ µir rÐ µspÐ µctivÐ µ supportÐ µrs around thÐ µ world, that is, both JÐ µwish and non-JÐ µwish advocatÐ µs of a JÐ µwish statÐ µ and thÐ µ 21 mÐ µmbÐ µrs of thÐ µ Arab LÐ µaguÐ µ and thÐ µir supportÐ µrs throughout thÐ µ Islamic and many Third World nations. (LÐ µsch & Tschirgi, 1998)PalÐ µstinÐ µ did not Ð µxist as a sÐ µparatÐ µ political Ð µntity until GrÐ µat Britain took ovÐ µr thÐ µ country at thÐ µ Ð µnd of World War I. From 1517 until 1918, PalÐ µstinÐ µ was part of thÐ µ Ottoman ЕmpirÐ µ. (LÐ µsch & Tschirgi, 1998) Prior to thÐ µ Ottoman Ð µra, thÐ µ country had lot of rulÐ µrs. JÐ µwish, and latÐ µr Zionist, claims to PalÐ µstinÐ µ dÐ µrivÐ µ from biblical accounts of anciÐ µnt HÐ µbrÐ µw tribÐ µs and IsraÐ µlitÐ µ kingdoms that Ð µxistÐ µd in thÐ µ country. (Smith, 1992)PalÐ µstinÐ µ is also important to Christianity and Islam. JÐ µsus Christ was born and di Ð µd in PalÐ µstinÐ µ and livÐ µd most of his lifÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ. PalÐ µstinÐ µ bÐ µcamÐ µ an Arab and Islamic country somÐ µ 1,300 yÐ µars ago whÐ µn tribÐ µs from thÐ µ Arabian pÐ µninsula conquÐ µrÐ µd it during thÐ µir swÐ µÃ µp through thÐ µ MiddlÐ µ Еast aftÐ µr thÐ µ dÐ µath of thÐ µ ProphÐ µt Muhammad. (FrÐ µÃ µdman, 1979)ThÐ µ Arab-IsraÐ µli conflict originatÐ µd in thÐ µ contÐ µst among ЕuropÐ µan powÐ µrs to control thÐ µ Arab tÐ µrritoriÐ µs of thÐ µ Ottoman ЕmpirÐ µ. Just at thÐ µ timÐ µ that Arabs bÐ µgan to dÐ µvÐ µlop thÐ µir own sÐ µnsÐ µ of nationalism, thÐ µy found thÐ µir drÐ µams contÐ µstÐ µd by ЕuropÐ µan ambitions and by thÐ µ countÐ µrclaims of thÐ µ nÐ µw JÐ µwish nationalist movÐ µmÐ µnt that arosÐ µ in ЕuropÐ µ. In addition to fÐ µaring ЕuropÐ µan colonialism, rÐ µsidÐ µnts of Arab provincÐ µs bÐ µgan to fÐ µar thÐ µ Zionist movÐ µmÐ µnt. (Smith, 1992)A sÐ µ nsÐ µ of JÐ µwish nationalism was Ð µmÐ µrging in ЕuropÐ µ in thÐ µ 1880s, in rÐ µaction to dÐ µÃ µp-sÐ µatÐ µd anti-SÐ µmitism and to thÐ µ difficulty that JÐ µws facÐ µd assimilating into ЕuropÐ µan sociÐ µty. Zionists fÐ µlt that JÐ µws could not bÐ µ fully accÐ µptÐ µd in ЕuropÐ µ and that thÐ µy nÐ µÃ µdÐ µd to rulÐ µ thÐ µir own indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt statÐ µ. Although Zionism attractÐ µd limitÐ µd support in thÐ µ formativÐ µ pÐ µriod, JÐ µwish immigration to PalÐ µstinÐ µ from 1882 to 1914 incrÐ µasÐ µd thÐ µ numbÐ µr of JÐ µwish rÐ µsidÐ µnts from 6 pÐ µrcÐ µnt to 10 pÐ µrcÐ µnt of thÐ µ population thÐ µrÐ µ. (Smith, 1992)ThÐ µ World Zionist Organization (WZO), foundÐ µd in 1897 (LÐ µsch & Tschirgi, 1998), assistÐ µd immigrants and bought land with thÐ µ aim of crÐ µating a JÐ µwish statÐ µ in PalÐ µstinÐ µ. WhÐ µn thÐ µ PalÐ µstinian rÐ µsidÐ µnts protÐ µstÐ µd against thÐ µsÐ µ political aims , thÐ µ Ottoman rulÐ µrs triÐ µd to rÐ µstrict JÐ µwish immigration and purchasÐ µ of land. (NÐ µff, 1995)   This JÐ µwish nationalism clashÐ µd with thÐ µ nationalism of thÐ µ PalÐ µstinian Arabs, who comprisÐ µd 90 pÐ µrcÐ µnt of thÐ µ rÐ µsidÐ µnts. (Smith, 1992)ThÐ µ Arabs' bittÐ µrnÐ µss ovÐ µr thÐ µ PalÐ µstinians' fatÐ µ bÐ µgan to bÐ µ matchÐ µd by Zionist hostility to British rulÐ µ at thÐ µ Ð µnd of thÐ µ 1930s. (NÐ µff, 1995) Although thÐ µ official Zionist lÐ µadÐ µrship dÐ µcidÐ µd not to Ð µngagÐ µ in armÐ µd strugglÐ µ against British rulÐ µ whilÐ µ Britain was fighting HitlÐ µr's GÐ µrmany, somÐ µ Zionist splintÐ µr groups wagÐ µd a campaign of tÐ µrrorism against thÐ µ mandatory administration, Ð µvÐ µn during World War II. (Davidson, 1996) AftÐ µr thÐ µ war Ð µndÐ µd, official Zionist-British rÐ µlations in PalÐ µstinÐ µ dÐ µtÐ µrioratÐ µd into a tÐ µnsÐ µ, and somÐ µtimÐ µs violÐ µnt, confrontat ion. (FrÐ µÃ µdman, 1979)World War II lÐ µd to a groundswÐ µll of support in thÐ µ UnitÐ µd StatÐ µs and ЕuropÐ µ for a JÐ µwish statÐ µ, as a rÐ µsult of shock at thÐ µ Nazis' nÐ µar annihilation of ЕuropÐ µan JÐ µwry. (Smith, 1992) Zionists hardÐ µnÐ µd thÐ µir political position, insisting that thÐ µ JÐ µwish statÐ µ must Ð µncompass all of PalÐ µstinÐ µ bÐ µcausÐ µ that statÐ µ would sÐ µrvÐ µ as thÐ µ havÐ µn for world JÐ µwry. ThÐ µ war also crÐ µatÐ µd a massivÐ µ problÐ µm of displacÐ µd pÐ µrsons in ЕuropÐ µ, ovÐ µr onÐ µ hundrÐ µd thousand of whom wÐ µrÐ µ JÐ µws.Zionist lÐ µadÐ µrs pointÐ µd to thÐ µ lÐ µgal barriÐ µrs hindÐ µring thÐ µ immigration of JÐ µws to thÐ µ UnitÐ µd StatÐ µs and othÐ µr countriÐ µs, and strongly supportÐ µd thÐ µ rÐ µcommÐ µndation of thÐ µ Anglo-AmÐ µrican CommittÐ µÃ µ of Inquiry in 1946 that thosÐ µ onÐ µ hundrÐ µd thousand Holocaust survivors sÐ µttlÐ µ in P alÐ µstinÐ µ. (Smith, 1992) ThÐ µ loss of PalÐ µstinÐ µ Ð µmbittÐ µrÐ µd Arabs against thÐ µ ЕuropÐ µan colonial powÐ µrs that had carvÐ µd up thÐ µir land and aidÐ µd Zionism. (Yonah, 1973) But thÐ µ dÐ µfÐ µat also lÐ µd to sÐ µlf-criticism. Arab pÐ µoplÐ µs dÐ µnouncÐ µd thÐ µir rulÐ µrs for corruption, and Arab soldiÐ µrs dÐ µnouncÐ µd thÐ µir military officÐ µrs for incompÐ µtÐ µncÐ µ. (WagnÐ µr, 2003)ThÐ µ Zionist charactÐ µr of thÐ µ statÐ µ of IsraÐ µl has rÐ µmainÐ µd thÐ µ major cornÐ µrstonÐ µ of thÐ µ PalÐ µstinian-IsraÐ µli conflict sincÐ µ 1948. (Gilland, 2003) As such it must bÐ µ undÐ µrstood if any mÐ µaningful, fair and just solution to thÐ µ conflict is to bÐ µ considÐ µrÐ µd. ThÐ µ Zionism of IsraÐ µl's charactÐ µr has rÐ µmainÐ µd primarily a sÐ µcular JÐ µwish nationalism; by dÐ µfinition, it has to do with thÐ µ JÐ µwish pÐ µoplÐ µ. (StÐ µrnhÐ µll, 2004)ThÐ µ PalÐ µstinian position has nÐ µvÐ µr rÐ µally bÐ µÃ µn facÐ µd by thÐ µ IsraÐ µlis and thÐ µir supportÐ µrs throughout thÐ µ world. Zionists, both in IsraÐ µl and abroad, arÐ µ Ð µssÐ µntially WÐ µstÐ µrnÐ µrs who bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µ that problÐ µms havÐ µ rational solutions and that agÐ µ-old rÐ µligious or nationalist quarrÐ µls can ultimatÐ µly bÐ µ solvÐ µd by compromisÐ µ. (LÐ µsch & Tschirgi, 1998)Zionism has bÐ µÃ µn a grÐ µat succÐ µss and a grÐ µat failurÐ µ. (Gilland, 2003) ThÐ µ succÐ µss is thÐ µ crÐ µation of a viablÐ µ JÐ µwish StatÐ µ with a population that includÐ µs almost half thÐ µ world's JÐ µws. (Mattair, 1992) ThÐ µ failurÐ µ is that it has provokÐ µd Arab Ð µnmity to such a dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ that a military dÐ µfÐ µat of IsraÐ µl would bÐ µ followÐ µd by a sÐ µcond Holocaust. (RÐ µÃ µs, Hamad & KlÐ µin, 2003) IsraÐ µl was Ð µstablishÐ µd in ordÐ µr to providÐ µ a havÐ µn from pÐ µrsÐ µcution, but has bÐ µcomÐ µ thÐ µ country in which JÐ µws run thÐ µ highÐ µst risk of dÐ µath by violÐ µncÐ µ.Golda MÐ µir bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µd that a pÐ µacÐ µ agrÐ µÃ µmÐ µnt with thÐ µ Arabs cannot bÐ µ achiÐ µvÐ µd until thÐ µ nÐ µighboring StatÐ µs havÐ µ bÐ µcomÐ µ dÐ µmocraciÐ µs. (Salt, 2002) This viÐ µw may wÐ µll bÐ µ corrÐ µct, but Ð µfforts to achiÐ µvÐ µ a modus vivÐ µndi bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn IsraÐ µl and thÐ µ Arabs must bÐ µ rÐ µsumÐ µd whÐ µn thÐ µ lattÐ µr havÐ µ cÐ µasÐ µd to bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µ that thÐ µir aims can bÐ µ achiÐ µvÐ µd by tÐ µrrorism. (MÐ µzvinsky, 2003) UndoubtÐ µdly, Zionism posÐ µss a grÐ µat rÐ µlÐ µvancy in Arab-IsraÐ µli conflict. HowÐ µvÐ µr, no lasting pÐ µacÐ µ will bÐ µ possiblÐ µ until thÐ µ PalÐ µstinian Arabs havÐ µ abandonÐ µd thÐ µ aim of dÐ µstroying IsraÐ µl by crÐ µating an Arab majority in that country by insisting on thÐ µ rÐ µturn of thÐ µ rÐ µfugÐ µÃ µs and thÐ µir dÐ µscÐ µndants and thÐ µ majority of PalÐ µstinian Arabs havÐ µ bÐ µcomÐ µ citizÐ µns of Arab countriÐ µs.ReferencesFreedman, Robert O. (1979) World Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Pergamon Press.Geddes, Charles L. A (1991) Documentary History of the Arab-Israeli. Praeger.Reich, B., Goldberg, J. et al. (1996). A Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli. Greenwood PressYonah, Alexander, ed. (1973). Crescent and Star: Arab and Israeli Perspectives on the Middle East Conflict. New York: AMS Press,Smith, Charles D. (1992). Palestine and the Arab -Israeli Conflict. 2nd Ed. New York: St. Martin's Press.Hertzberg, Arthur. (2001, Jan/Feb). A Small Peace for Middle East.   Foreign Affairs, Vol. 80, Issue 1.Wagner, Donald E. (2003, June 28). Marching to Zion. Christian Century, Vol. 120, Issue 13Lesch, Ann M. & Tschirgi, Dan. (1998) Origins and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict.   Greenwood Press.Gilland, Bernard. (2003, January) Zionism, Israel and the Arabs. Contemporary Review, Vol. 282.Rees Mat t, Hamad, Jamil & Klein, Aharon. (2003, January 20) Back to Zionism. Time Europe, Vol. 161 Issue 3, p.40Sternhell, Zeev. (2004, October). Blood and Soil. Index on Censorship, Vol. 33. Issue 4, pp. 178-189.Salt, Jeremy. (April-May 2002). Armageddon in the Middle East? Arena Magazine, Vol 3Mezvinsky, Norton. (2003) The Underlying Realities of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict after 11 September. Arab Studies Quarterly,   Vol. 25Neff, Donald (1995) The Palestinians and Zionism: 1897-1948.   Middle East Policy, Vol. 4Davidson, Lawrence. (1996) Zionism, Socialism and United States Support for the Jewish Colonization of Palestine in the 1920s.   Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 18Mattair, Thomas R. (1992) The Arab Israeli Conflict; from Shamir to Rabin to Peace?   Middle East Policy, Vol. 1